公开信 PISA Letter (Chinese Translation) Dr. Yong Zhao

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致巴黎世界经济与合作组织ANDREAS SCHLEICHER的一封公开信

尊敬的Schleicher博士，

因您所担任的世界经济与合作组织（OECD）国际学生评估项目（PISA）主管一职，我们写这封信给您。PISA是全球知名的评估工具，用于测量15岁学生数学、科学及阅读方面的学术成就，并根据结果将OECD成员国及非成员国（六十个以上）进行排名。每隔三年PISA举办时，从各国政府、教育部长至报纸编辑部都焦急等待结果发布。无数政策报告也以PISA结果为权威引用。评估结果对许多国家的教育实践产生了深远影响。这些国家彻底检讨本国教育体系，期望由此提高PISA排名。然而排名却止步不前，致使不少国家正经历所谓的“PISA震荡”，宣称本国教育处于危机之中，更不乏要求官员辞职的呼吁，以及以PISA为指导原则展开的影响广泛的改革。

我们对PISA排名带来的负面效果深感不安，具体如下：

－标准化考试在很多国家都已实行多年（尽管大家对其有效性和可靠度持严重保留态度），PISA却极大地推动了此类测试范围的扩大，并急剧增加了对量化测量的依赖。以美国为例，PISA被援引为支持近期“力争上游（Race to the Top）”计划的主要理由。“力争上游”助长了标准化测试在学生、教师及管理人员评价中的应用。众所周知不完美的测试被用来给学生排名、贴标签，教师和管理人员也不能避免。(测试的缺陷见芬兰莫名其妙跌出PISA第一名的例子)

－三年一次的PISA导致了教育政策领域重心的转移。尽管研究表明持久的改变需要几十年，而不是几年的时间取得成果，人们仍寄希望于能使该国名次迅速爬升的短期解决方案。举例来说，我们知道教师的地位和教育这一职业的声望对教学质量影响很大，然而不同文化间教师地位的差别也很大，且这一差别不是短期政策能轻易改变的。

－PISA着重于一小部分可测量的教育目标，忽略了那些如体育、品德、公民教育及艺术修养等不易测或不可测的部分。这种做法是危险的，它限制了我们对现有及应有的教育目标的想象。

－作为一个经济发展组织，OECD自然会偏向于公立学校在经济发展中的作用。然而帮助年轻人找到高薪工作并不是公共教育的唯一目标，甚至连主要目标也谈不上。公共教育的主要目标在于使学生为参与民主自治做好准备，做到品行端正，度过不断成长、充实、幸福的一生。

－联合国（UN）下属教科文组织（UNESCO）和儿童基金会（UNICEF）等机构在提高教育质量，改善全球儿童生活水平方面，具有非常明确、合理的权力。而OECD不具备这样的权利，其目前的教育决策制定过程也不含任何有效的民主参与机制。

－开展PISA及后续服务的过程中，OECD采取了“公私合作”的方式，与盈利性跨国公司结盟。联盟从PISA结果揭示的不足中获得经济利益，姑且不论是真实存在还是的表面所见的不足。其中一些公司一边大范围地向美国学校及校区提供教育服务，从中获利，一边还计划在非洲发展盈利性小学教育，而非洲正是OECD下一步计划推广PISA的地区。

－最后，也是最重要的一点，随着不断循环的全球测试，新PISA制度正在剥夺课堂的活力，危害我们的儿童。PISA体系下将不可避免地出现一系列更多、更长的选择题测试，越来越多 “厂商”事先编写好的课程，越来越少的教师自主权。PISA进一步加剧了学校里本就不轻的压力，危及师生的身心健康。

PISA的上述进展有悖于为人广泛接受的教育及民主实践：

－任何有效的改革都不能建立在单一狭窄的质量衡量标准上。

－要想改革有效，就不能忽视非教育因素的重要作用，其中至关重要的当属国家内部社会、经济等方面的不平等。过去十五年间，包括美国在内的很多国家都见证了社会不平等的急剧恶化，随之出现的是富人和穷人之间越来越宽的教育差距，无论多精细缜密的教育改革都难以缓解。

－任何一个像OECD这样，对人们生活影响深切的组织都应接纳来自成员的民主问责。

写这封信的目的并不只是指出不足和问题，我们还希望能提供建设性的想法和建议，帮助减轻上述困扰。以下的想法不一定全面，但说明了如何在避免上述负面影响的前提下提高学习成就：

－取代现有名次表：探讨更有意义的评估结果报告方式，不再大肆渲染。比如，把常常征召15岁孩子去当童工的发展中国家和第一世界国家放在一起比较，不仅在教育和政治层面上都不合理，还会使OECD面临教育殖民的控诉。

－使相关人员和学者都能参与。对于全球范围的学习评估包括哪些内容、如何进行，计量心理学家、统计学家及经济学家至今仍是最有影响力的群体。他们理应获得一席之位。然而还有很多其他群体也应享有如此待遇，包括家长、教师、行政人员、社区领导、学生，还有人类学、社会学、历史、哲学、语言学、人文艺术等专业的学者。评估15岁学生的受教育程度，测什么，如何测，都应经过地方、全国、全球上述群体的讨论后决定。

－让更多国内和国际组织参与到评估方法及标准的制定过程中，比如上文提到的联合国组织，及教师、家长、行政人员协会等。这些组织的使命超越了公共教育的经济意义，他们关注学生与教师的身体健康、个人发展、心理状态和幸福感。

－发布管理PISA所需的直接和间接成本，便于成员国的纳税人判断是否将花在这些考试上的数以百万美元另作他用，以及决定是否继续参加PISA。

－欢迎独立的国际团队进行监督，观摩PISA从构思到执行的管理。人们可以把对考试形式、统计及评分过程的质疑，与评估中存在的偏见或不公平的比较，相权衡后得出结论。

－提供私人盈利性企业参与PISA准备、执行及跟进全过程的详细记录，以避免表面上或实质性的利益冲突。

－暂停考试。考虑跳过下一届PISA，为就本文中提到的问题展开地方、全国及国际层面的讨论争取时间。这样也有时间借鉴商讨的成果，建立全新的改良版评估模型。

我们认为OECD PISA项目的专家们是本着改进教育的真诚愿望出发的，然而我们无法理解贵组织何以成为仲裁世界各地教育目的与方法的全球权威。OECD冒着将学习变成辛苦乏味的工作，摧毁学习乐趣之风险，仅仅专注于标准化测试。不少国家在PISA影响下，投身追逐高分的国际竞争中。在目标的必要性和局限性都没有经过讨论的情况下，OECD获得了影响世界各地教育政策制定的权力。使用一个单一的、狭隘的、带有偏见的标准来衡量来非常多样的教育传统和文化，我们深感担忧。这终将给我们的学校和学生造成无法弥补的危害。

 

Andrews, Paul Professor of Mathematics Education, Stockholm University

Atkinson, Lori New York State Allies for Public Education

Ball, Stephen J Karl Mannheim Professor of Sociology of Education, Institute of Education, University of London

Barber, Melissa Parents Against High Stakes Testing

Beckett, Lori Winifred Mercier Professor of Teacher Education, Leeds Metropolitan University

Berardi, Jillaine Linden Avenue Middle School, Assistant Principal

Berliner, David Regents Professor of Education at Arizona State University

Bloom, Elizabeth EdD Associate Professor of Education, Hartwick College

Boudet, Danielle Oneonta Area for Public Education

Boland, Neil Senior lecturer, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand

Burris, Carol Principal and former Teacher of the Year

Cauthen, Nancy PhD Change the Stakes, NYS Allies for Public Education

Cerrone, Chris Testing Hurts Kids; NYS Allies for Public Education

Ciaran, Sugrue Professor, Head of School, School of Education, University College Dublin

Deutermann, Jeanette Founder Long Island Opt Out, Co-founder NYS Allies for Public Education

Devine, Nesta Associate Professor, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Dodge, Arnie Chair, Department of Educational Leadership, Long Island University

Dodge, Judith Author, Educational Consultant

Farley, Tim Principal, Ichabod Crane School; New York State Allies for Public Education

Fellicello, Stacia Principal, Chambers Elementary School

Fleming, Mary Lecturer, School of Education, National University of Ireland, Galway

Fransson, Göran Associate Professor of Education, University of Gävle, Sweden

Giroux, Henry Professor of English and Cultural Studies, McMaster University

Glass, Gene Senior Researcher, National Education Policy Center, Santa Fe, New Mexico

Glynn, Kevin Educator, co-founder of Lace to the Top

Goldstein, Harvey Professor of Social Statistics, University of Bristol

Gorlewski, David Director, Educational Leadership Doctoral Program, D’Youville College

Gorlewski, Julie PhD, Assistant Professor, State University of New York at New Paltz

Gowie, Cheryl Professor of Education, Siena College

Greene, Kiersten Assistant Professor of Literacy, State University of New York at New Paltz

Haimson, Leonie Parent Advocate and Director of “Class Size Matters”

Heinz, Manuela Director of Teaching Practice, School of Education, National University of Ireland Galway

Hughes, Michelle Principal, High Meadows Independent School

Jury, Mark Chair, Education Department, Siena College

Kahn, Hudson Valley Against Common Core

Kayden, Michelle Linden Avenue Middle School Red Hook, New York

Kempf, Arlo Program Coordinator of School and Society, OISE, University of Toronto

Kilfoyle, Marla NBCT, General Manager of BATs

Labaree, David Professor of Education, Stanford University

Leonardatos, Harry Principal, high school, Clarkstown, New York

MacBeath, John Professor Emeritus, Director of Leadership for Learning, University of Cambridge

McLaren, Peter Distinguished Professor, Chapman University

McNair, Jessica Co-founder Opt-Out CNY, parent member NYS Allies for Public Education

Meyer, Heinz-Dieter Associate Professor, Education Governance & Policy, State University of New York (Albany)

Meyer, Tom Associate Professor of Secondary Education, State University of New York at New Paltz

Millham, Rosemary PhD Science Coordinator, Master Teacher Campus Director, SUNY New Paltz

Millham, Rosemary Science Coordinator/Assistant Professor, Master Teacher Campus Director, State University of New York, New Paltz

Oliveira Andreotti Vanessa Canada Research Chair in Race, Inequality, and Global Change, University of British Columbia

Sperry, Carol Emerita, Millersville University, Pennsylvania

Mitchell, Ken Lower Hudson Valley Superintendents Council

Mucher, Stephen Director, Bard Master of Arts in Teaching Program, Los Angeles

Tuck, Eve Assistant Professor, Coordinator of Native American Studies, State University of New York at New Paltz

Naison, Mark Professor of African American Studies and History, Fordham University; Co-Founder, Badass Teachers Association

Nielsen, Kris Author, Children of the Core

Noddings, Nel Professor (emerita) Philosophy of Education, Stanford University

Noguera, Pedro Peter L. Agnew Professor of Education, New York University

Nunez, Isabel Associate Professor, Concordia University, Chicago

Pallas, Aaron Arthur I Gates Professor of Sociology and Education, Columbia University

Peters, Michael Professor, University of Waikato, Honorary Fellow, Royal Society New Zealand

Pugh, Nigel Principal, Richard R Green High School of Teaching, New York City

Ravitch, Diane Research Professor, New York University

Rivera-Wilson Jerusalem Senior Faculty Associate and Director of Clinical Training and Field Experiences, University at Albany

Roberts, Peter Professor, School of Educational Studies and Leadership, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Rougle, Eija Instructor, State University of New York, Albany

Rudley, Lisa Director: Education Policy-Autism Action Network

Saltzman, Janet Science Chair, Physics Teacher, Red Hook High School

Schniedewind, Nancy Professor of Education, State University of New York, New Paltz

Silverberg, Ruth Associate Professor, College of Staten Island, City University of New York

Sperry, Carol Professor of Education, Emerita, Millersville University

St. John, Edward Algo D. Henderson Collegiate Professor, University of Michigan

Suzuki, Daiyu Teachers College at Columbia University / Co-founder, Edu4

Swaffield, Sue Senior Lecturer, Educational Leadership and School Improvement, University of Cambridge

Tanis, Bianca Parent Member: ReThinking Testing

Thomas, Paul Associate Professor of Education, Furman University

Thrupp, Martin Professor of Education, University of Waikato, New Zealand

Tobin, KT Founding member, ReThinking Testing

Tomlinson, Sally Emeritus Professor, Goldsmiths College, University of London; Senior Research Fellow, Department of Education, Oxford University

Tuck, Eve Coordinator of Native American Studies, State University of New York at New Paltz

VanSlyke-Briggs Kjersti Associate Professor, State University of New York, Oneonta

Wilson, Elaine Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge

Wrigley, Terry Honorary senior research fellow, University of Ballarat, Australia

Zahedi, Katie Principal, Linden Ave Middle School, Red Hook, New York

Zhao, Yong Professor of Education, Presidential Chair, University of Oregon

 

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